Meningitis remains a major public health concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. According to a recent study published in The Lancet Neurology, this infection of the membranes surrounding the brain continues to kill approximately 260,000 people worldwide each year. In 2023, over two million cases were recorded, disproportionately affecting children.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, most often caused by bacteria or viruses. Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, and vomiting. Prompt treatment is crucial, as the disease can lead to death if not addressed quickly.
Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly affected, with a high concentration of cases in the "meningitis belt," an area stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia, including Chad and Niger. Environmental factors such as the Harmattan wind, which carries dust particles that irritate the respiratory tract, as well as air pollution and unfavorable birth conditions, increase the risk of infection.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a goal to reduce meningitis-related deaths by 70% by 2030. To achieve this ambitious goal, the WHO has established a global roadmap focused on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, disease surveillance, support for those affected, and awareness. This roadmap includes strategic goals and key activities, including improving vaccine coverage, developing new vaccines, and enhancing prevention strategies.
While awaiting universal access to vaccines, simple and accessible prevention measures exist. A diet rich in vitamin C (lemon, guava, moringa), the use of spices with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties such as ginger, garlic, and turmeric, sufficient hydration, good ventilation of living spaces, adequate rest, and rigorous hand hygiene are all effective barrier gestures.
Vaccination remains the most effective weapon against meningitis, especially in Africa. In January 2024, the WHO recommended that all countries in the African meningitis belt introduce the pentavalent Men5CV vaccine into their routine immunization programs, administered in a single dose to infants and young children aged 9 to 18 months. This vaccine protects against the five most prevalent meningitis strains in sub-Saharan Africa. Mass vaccination campaigns are planned from 2025.
Meningitis can be defeated through vaccination and simple prevention measures. The WHO and its partners continue to work towards the goal of a world without meningitis by 2030.
